Μητρική γλώσσα: Πολωνικά Joined: Δευτέρα, 15 Φεβρουαρίου 2010 Location: Πολωνία
RE: Time. Shrinking?
Originally written by Dodo Kaipdodo on June 21, 2010 7:09 AM
People riding fast cars and flying fast planes have less time than their slow ancestors riding horses or traveling on foot seemed to have.
And I don't think that's related to the accelerating expansion of the universe. Rather, I would point to the classical wisdom of Festina lente meaning "make haste slowly".
Erasmus praised the adage in his great work, Adagia .... The meaning of the phrase is that activities should be performed with a proper balance of urgency and diligence. If tasks are rushed too quickly then mistakes are made and good long-term results are not achieved. Work is best done in a state of flow in which one is fully engaged by the task and there is no sense of time passing. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festina_lente)
Μητρική γλώσσα: Πολωνικά Joined: Δευτέρα, 15 Φεβρουαρίου 2010 Location: Πολωνία
RE: Time. Shrinking?
What a brush with death taught David Eagleman about the mysteries of time and the brain
... In the years since, Eagleman has collected hundreds of stories like his, and they almost all share the same quality: in life-threatening situations, time seems to slow down. He remembers the feeling clearly, he says. His body stumbles forward as the tar paper tears free at his feet. His hands stretch toward the ledge, but it’s out of reach. The brick floor floats upward—some shiny nails are scattered across it—as his body rotates weightlessly above the ground. It’s a moment of absolute calm and eerie mental acuity. But the thing he remembers best is the thought that struck him in midair: this must be how Alice felt when she was tumbling down the rabbit hole.
Eagleman is thirty-nine now and an assistant professor of neuroscience at Baylor College of Medicine, in Houston. ...
The brain is a remarkably capable chronometer for most purposes. It can track seconds, minutes, days, and weeks, set off alarms in the morning, at bedtime, on birthdays and anniversaries. Timing is so essential to our survival that it may be the most finely tuned of our senses. In lab tests, people can distinguish between sounds as little as five milliseconds apart, and our involuntary timing is even quicker. If you’re hiking through a jungle and a tiger growls in the underbrush, your brain will instantly home in on the sound by comparing when it reached each of your ears, and triangulating between the three points. The difference can be as little as nine-millionths of a second.
Yet “brain time,” as Eagleman calls it, is intrinsically subjective. “Try this exercise,” he suggests in a recent essay. “Put this book down and go look in a mirror. Now move your eyes back and forth, so that you’re looking at your left eye, then at your right eye, then at your left eye again. When your eyes shift from one position to the other, they take time to move and land on the other location. But here’s the kicker: you never see your eyes move.” There’s no evidence of any gaps in your perception—no darkened stretches like bits of blank film—yet much of what you see has been edited out. Your brain has taken a complicated scene of eyes darting back and forth and recut it as a simple one: your eyes stare straight ahead. Where did the missing moments go?
The question raises a fundamental issue of consciousness: how much of what we perceive exists outside of us and how much is a product of our minds? Time is a dimension like any other, fixed and defined down to its tiniest increments: millennia to microseconds, aeons to quartz oscillations. Yet the data rarely matches our reality. The rapid eye movements in the mirror, known as saccades, aren’t the only things that get edited out. The jittery camera shake of everyday vision is similarly smoothed over, and our memories are often radically revised. What else are we missing?
A few years ago, Eagleman thought back on his fall from the roof and decided that it posed an interesting research question. Why does time slow down when we fear for our lives? Does the brain shift gears for a few suspended seconds and perceive the world at half speed, or is some other mechanism at work? The only way to know for sure was to re-create the situation in a controlled setting. ...
The duration of a short time interval can be substatially underestimated when it is immediately preceded by a physically shorter time interval. This illusion is named "time-shrinking" (Nakajima et al, 1991), and it had been interpreted as assimilation between two neighboring intervals (Nakajima et al, 1992). A number of research on time-shrinking had been performed (e.g. ten Hoopen et al, 1993; ten Hoopen et al, 1995).
Suetomi and Nakajima (1997) found that time-shrinking, i.e., the underestimation of the last duration, can take place also when three, instead of two, empty time intervals neighbor each other. The influence of the second time interval was dominant. We had to grasp the relationship between the three neighboring time interval as a whole in order to understand whether time-shrinking occurs or not. We show the applicability of Gestalt principles to time shrinking. [Read More]
References
Nakajima,Y., ten Hoopen,G., & van der Wilk,R. (1991).
A new illusion of time perception. Music Perception, 8, 431-448.
Nakajima,Y., ten Hoopen,G., Hilkhuysen,G., & Sasaki,. (1992).
Time-shrinking: A discontinuity in the perception of auditory temporal patterns. Perception & Psychophysics, 51, 504-507.
Suetomi,D., & Nakajima,Y. (1997).
On the applicability of Gestalt principles to time shrinking (in Japanese). Proceedings of the Autumn Meeting of the Acoustical Society of Japan, 425-426.
ten Hoopen,G., Hilkhuysen,R., Nakajima,Y., Yamauchi,F., & Sasaki,T. (1993).
A new illusion of time perception-II. Music Perception, 11, 15-38.
ten Hoopen,G., Hartsiker,R., Sasaki,T., Nakajima,Y., Tanaka,M., & Tsumura,T. (1995).
Auditory isochrony: time shrinking and temporal patterns. Perception, 24, 577-593.
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